AI-Driven Learning Platforms vs. Traditional Instruction and Digital LMS: Comparative Analysis of Academic Performance, Student Engagement, and Equity Outcomes in Indian Higher Education

Abstract

This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of AI-based learning systems, conventional face-to-face education, and digital learning management systems (LMS) in Indian higher education, focusing on academic performance, student engagement, and equity outcomes. Analysis of literature from 2023-2025 reveals that AI-based adaptive learning significantly enhances individualized learning and academic results (30% improvement in standardized tests), while traditional education fosters critical thinking and social interaction. Digital LMS helps bridge the digital divide by enhancing accessibility and collaboration. A hybrid approach combining AI personalization, conventional methods, and digital tools proves most effective. The review highlights challenges like inadequate digital infrastructure and teacher digital literacy and advocates for adaptable hybrid pedagogies and policy reforms to ensure that AI in education promotes equity rather than exacerbating existing disparities.